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liangweihao
2026-02-05 14:32:29 +08:00
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---
title: 编程日记
published: 2026-02-05
pinned: false
description: 编程过程中遇到的小细节
tags: [Note]
category: 学习日志
draft: false
---
# xlsx表格读取
当使用pandas读取xlsx表格时，如果表格中有日期格式的数据，读取时会看到日期被读取为数字，如44000。如何才能读取到原本显示的日期格式？
解决方案：
[扩展 openpyxl 对 Excel 中自定义单元格格式的处理 ](https://www.cnblogs.com/dyfblog/p/16339375.html)
openpyxl.styles.numbers.py中有一组格式
```python
BUILTIN_FORMATS = {
0: 'General',
1: '0',
2: '0.00',
3: '#,##0',
4: '#,##0.00',
5: '"$"#,##0_);("$"#,##0)',
6: '"$"#,##0_);[Red]("$"#,##0)',
7: '"$"#,##0.00_);("$"#,##0.00)',
8: '"$"#,##0.00_);[Red]("$"#,##0.00)',
9: '0%',
10: '0.00%',
11: '0.00E+00',
12: '# ?/?',
13: '# ??/??',
14: 'mm-dd-yy',
15: 'd-mmm-yy',
16: 'd-mmm',
17: 'mmm-yy',
18: 'h:mm AM/PM',
19: 'h:mm:ss AM/PM',
20: 'h:mm',
21: 'h:mm:ss',
22: 'm/d/yy h:mm',
37: '#,##0_);(#,##0)',
38: '#,##0_);[Red](#,##0)',
39: '#,##0.00_);(#,##0.00)',
40: '#,##0.00_);[Red](#,##0.00)',
41: r'_(* #,##0_);_(* \(#,##0\);_(* "-"_);_(@_)',
42: r'_("$"* #,##0_);_("$"* \(#,##0\);_("$"* "-"_);_(@_)',
43: r'_(* #,##0.00_);_(* \(#,##0.00\);_(* "-"??_);_(@_)',
44: r'_("$"* #,##0.00_)_("$"* \(#,##0.00\)_("$"* "-"??_)_(@_)',
45: 'mm:ss',
46: '[h]:mm:ss',
47: 'mmss.0',
48: '##0.0E+0',
49: '@',
}
```
从文档中找到中文对应的格式 ID 和格式字符串的对应关系，然后采用 hook 的方式将其注入 openpyxl 模块中即可。（注意这些代码需要在导入 openpyxl 模块之前执行）
```python
# 扩展openpyxl的数字格式
# 此处扩展的是中文格式
extra_formats = {
27: 'yyyy"年"m"月"',
28: 'm"月"d"日"',
29: 'm"月"d"日"',
30: "m-d-yy",
31: 'yyyy"年"m"月"d"日"',
32: 'h"时"mm"分"',
33: 'h"时"mm"分"ss"秒"',
34: '上午/下午h"时"mm"分"',
35: '上午/下午h"时"mm"分"ss"秒"',
36: 'yyyy"年"m"月"',
#
50: 'yyyy"年"m"月"',
51: 'm"月"d"日"',
52: 'yyyy"年"m"月"',
53: 'm"月"d"日"',
54: 'm"月"d"日"',
55: '上午/下午h"时"mm"分"',
56: '上午/下午h"时"mm"分"ss"秒"',
57: 'yyyy"年"m"月"',
58: 'm"月"d"日"',
}
from openpyxl.styles.numbers import BUILTIN_FORMATS
BUILTIN_FORMATS.update(extra_formats)
```
示例代码：
```python
"""
使用扩展的中文数字格式读取Excel文件
扩展openpyxl的数字格式以支持中文日期时间格式
"""
from openpyxl import load_workbook
from openpyxl.styles.numbers import BUILTIN_FORMATS
import os
# 扩展openpyxl的数字格式
# 此处扩展的是中文格式
extra_formats = {
27: 'yyyy"年"m"月"',
28: 'm"月"d"日"',
29: 'm"月"d"日"',
30: "m-d-yy",
31: 'yyyy"年"m"月"d"日"',
32: 'h"时"mm"分"',
33: 'h"时"mm"分"ss"秒"',
34: '上午/下午h"时"mm"分"',
35: '上午/下午h"时"mm"分"ss"秒"',
36: 'yyyy"年"m"月"',
#
50: 'yyyy"年"m"月"',
51: 'm"月"d"日"',
52: 'yyyy"年"m"月"',
53: 'm"月"d"日"',
54: 'm"月"d"日"',
55: '上午/下午h"时"mm"分"',
56: '上午/下午h"时"mm"分"ss"秒"',
57: 'yyyy"年"m"月"',
58: 'm"月"d"日"',
}
# 更新内置格式
BUILTIN_FORMATS.update(extra_formats)
def read_xlsx_file(file_path):
"""
读取Excel文件并输出详细信息
Args:
file_path: Excel文件路径
"""
if not os.path.exists(file_path):
print(f"文件不存在: {file_path}")
return
print(f"正在读取文件: {file_path}")
print("=" * 60)
try:
# 加载工作簿
wb = load_workbook(file_path, data_only=False)
print(f"文件加载成功")
print(f"工作表数量: {len(wb.sheetnames)}")
print(f"工作表名称: {wb.sheetnames}")
print("=" * 60)
# 遍历所有工作表
for sheet_name in wb.sheetnames:
print(f"\n工作表: {sheet_name}")
print("-" * 60)
ws = wb[sheet_name]
# 获取工作表维度
if ws.max_row > 0 and ws.max_column > 0:
print(f"数据范围: {ws.max_row} 行 × {ws.max_column} 列")
# 读取前10行数据（或所有数据，如果少于10行）
max_display_rows = min(100, ws.max_row)
print(f"\n数据内容（前{max_display_rows}行）:")
print("-" * 60)
for row_idx, row in enumerate(ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_row=max_display_rows, values_only=False), start=1):
row_data = []
for cell in row:
# 获取单元格值
cell_value = cell.value
# 获取单元格格式信息
cell_info = {
'value': cell_value,
'coordinate': cell.coordinate,
}
# 如果有数字格式，获取格式信息
if cell.number_format:
cell_info['number_format'] = cell.number_format
# 尝试从BUILTIN_FORMATS中查找格式描述
if cell.number_format in BUILTIN_FORMATS.values():
# 查找格式ID
format_id = None
for fmt_id, fmt_str in BUILTIN_FORMATS.items():
if fmt_str == cell.number_format:
format_id = fmt_id
break
if format_id:
cell_info['format_id'] = format_id
# 获取数据类型
if cell_value is not None:
cell_info['data_type'] = type(cell_value).__name__
row_data.append(cell_info)
# 输出行数据
print(f"\n行 {row_idx}:")
for cell_info in row_data:
value_str = str(cell_info['value']) if cell_info['value'] is not None else '(空)'
coord = cell_info['coordinate']
info_parts = [f" {coord}: {value_str}"]
if 'data_type' in cell_info:
info_parts.append(f"[类型: {cell_info['data_type']}]")
if 'number_format' in cell_info:
fmt = cell_info['number_format']
if 'format_id' in cell_info:
info_parts.append(f"[格式ID: {cell_info['format_id']}, 格式: {fmt}]")
else:
info_parts.append(f"[格式: {fmt}]")
print(" ".join(info_parts))
if ws.max_row > max_display_rows:
print(f"\n... (还有 {ws.max_row - max_display_rows} 行未显示)")
else:
print("工作表为空")
print("\n" + "=" * 60)
print("读取完成")
# 关闭工作簿
wb.close()
except Exception as e:
print(f"读取文件时发生错误: {str(e)}")
import traceback
traceback.print_exc()
def main():
"""主函数"""
# 默认读取example.xlsx，如果不存在则尝试其他文件
test_files = [
"test.xlsx"
]
# 查找存在的文件
file_to_read = None
for file in test_files:
if os.path.exists(file):
file_to_read = file
break
if file_to_read:
read_xlsx_file(file_to_read)
else:
print("未找到可用的Excel文件")
print("请将Excel文件放在当前目录，或修改main()函数中的文件路径")
print(f"\n当前目录: {os.getcwd()}")
print(f"可用的xlsx文件:")
for root, dirs, files in os.walk('.'):
for file in files:
if file.endswith('.xlsx') and not file.startswith('~$'):
print(f" - {os.path.join(root, file)}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
```